03-10: Real-Time Biological MonitoringControl of Microbiological contamination in cooling towers requires an efficient means of measuring the contamination. ATP based testing methods offer immediate results and measure the total microbial population, both aerobic and anaerobic, in one step. Methods for spot checking towers, measuring biocide efficacy, detecting biofilms, and monitoring biofilm clean up are described. Differential effects of oxidizing and non oxidizing biocides on ATP

Stainless steel sampling stubs were exposed in this water system and biofilm developing on these stubs was quantified using cell counts

a result rarely achieved using chlorine alone or chlorine with other biocides

Water treatment chemists have long observed that some scale inhibitors work better at high pH rather than low pH and that some inhibitors have little

Circulating water-cooling to Cattenom nuclear plant (PWR 44 1300 MWe) is provided by four natural draft crossflow cooling towers

The studies and conclusions reported in this paper are the results of the author's own work

natural-draft cooling can sustain significant deterioration

Application concepts

Empirical data can be used for this or other scale inhibiting chemicals to determine this constant

but also from the economic value of the lost chromate itself

Prediction of recirculation allowances is generally provided by CTI (Cooling Technology Institute

an ideal source for cooling tower makeup at a 400-MW electric generating station in Oklahoma

allowing early plant restart and commissioning